A biopsy can diagnose Parkinson’s disease at an early stage in patients with sleep disorders

Researchers from Hospital Clínic and IDIBAPS have shown for the first time that it is possible to diagnose Parkinson’s disease (PD) in people with sleep disorders through a biopsy. This test is performed in the submandibular gland, at the back of the mouth, and can detect a protein (alpha-synuclein) found in neurons of people with this disease. The prestigious journal The Lancet Neurology publishes the results of the study, led by the Unit of Parkinson’s Disesase at the Neurology Department in Hopsital Clinic, and is coordinated by Dr. Eduard Tolosa, CIBERNED researcher and professor at the University of Barcelona. In the study several medical and surgical units form different departments at Hospital Clinic have participated.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain areas controlling the coordination of movements and balance. Patients also have several nonmotor symptoms such as loss of smell, cognitive impairment or rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which may appear years before the onset of the disease. These symptoms are caused by the accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein in neurons in the Lewy bodies, protein clumps that are the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Detecting the presence of this protein in an early stage of PD would be useful to diagnose the disease before its onset and start treating the symptoms from the beginning.

In the study published in The Lancet Neurology, researchers evaluated whether a biopsy in the submandibular gland can detect aggregates of alpha-synuclein. These biopsies were performed in 21 patients with RBD, in 24 with Parkinson’s disease and 26 healthy people. In about 90% of patients with sleep disorders and 70% of those with Parkinson the protein was detected by biopsy in the submandibular gland, while it was not found in any of the healthy people. “These results show that the biopsy is useful as a confirmatory test to diagnose PD in those people in whom the disease has not begun,” explains Dr. Alex Iranzo, neurologist at the Sleep Disorders Multidisciplinary Unit at Hospital Clinic and researcher at the IDIBAPS team Neurophysiology and functional studies of the nervous system. “In addition, it is a minimally invasive and well tolerated test,” he adds.

“Identifying synuclein aggregates in the submandibular gland can confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson, very useful in cases of uncertain diagnosis. Also, identifying people with sleep disorders that have these aggregates could be helpful, for example, to design therapeutic strategies to block the progression of this protein to the central nervous system, where they cause the classic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease,” explains Dr. Eduard Tolosa.

Article reference:

Assessment of α-synuclein in submandibular glands of patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a case-control study

Dolores Vilas†, Alex Iranzo, MD†, Prof Eduardo Tolosa, Iban Aldecoa†, Joan Berenguer, Isabel Vilaseca, Carles Martí, Mónica Serradell, Francisco Lomeña, Llucia Alós, Carles Gaig, Joan Santamaria, Ellen Gelpi

Published Online: 30 March 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00080-6