Atopic dermatitis (eczema) affects around 30% of children and 10% of adults in industrialised countries. Most patients with eczema are diagnosed in childhood, but it can occasionally appear in adulthood. Too much hygiene can dry out the skin, but too little can lead to the accumulation of pathogens, irritants and allergens deposited on the epidermis.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that manifests as eczema flare-ups, when certain areas become red, swollen and itchy. When the skin does its job correctly, it acts as a barrier and protects the body from external agents, such as bacteria, viruses or irritants, while retaining water. When there is dermatitis, the skin is dry, irritated and does not protect adequately, so it is important to keep the skin barrier hydrated.
The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is clinical; that is, red lesions are seen on the skin which the patient reports as itchy. Other tests may be performed if the healthcare professional suspects allergic contact dermatitis and considers them appropriate, such as a blood test, skin biopsy or patch tests. The latter consists of applying patches on the back with the most frequent allergens.
The most frequent complications are skin infections from the lesions, which can be aggravated by chronic scratching. Therefore, the most common sequelae are scars from scratching the lesions. Many patients also explain having sleep problems due to itching, which impacts on their quality of life. Although the disease disappears in most cases before entering adulthood, about 10% of adults continue to have it. Dermatitis has a hereditary component and can be associated with diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and food allergies.
The treatment of eczema consists of good skin care measures and treatment of flare-ups with oral or topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy and potassium permanganate or oatmeal baths. In the most severe cases, oral immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, cyclosporine A, methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate and biological treatments, such as Dupilumab, are prescribed. "In recent years, new drugs have been investigated without the side effects of immunosuppressants and with a very good response, so patients can have a normal quality of life, practically the same as the rest of the population," comments Dr Sara Gómez, dermatologist at the Hospital Clínic.
Patients with eczema should avoid factors that cause it and take special care when showering. It is more harmful to shower or bathe without following certain guidelines than to do so many times. The most appropriate routine and products have to be decided with the specialist in each case, but the National Eczema Association recommends the following:
Other recommendations to improve symptoms:
Dr. Paula Ribó, allergist at Hospital Clínic and member of the Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy group (IRCE) of the IDIBAPS.